When we look at the world, the eye is constantly moving, it grabs the small pieces, and the brain combines it all into the overall picture. But if we take a photograph in which all objects are cut, then it would seem to us painted, it happens when we remove the "dark" optics or a compact camera, why? Because the depth of field depends on: 1) focal length lens, and 2) the distance to the subject; 3) The amount of solar cell, matrix it or film (behold why in compact cameras DOF always big); 4) luminosity or on much now open diapliragm; Focal distance and distance obtained binds than more focal distance the less DOF but if we want storyline in one scale on different focal lengths, we need "zoom legs" ie derogate or approached and if we shoot on telephoto lens and waste, increasing distance and increasing the depth of field. It turns out we can administer the flu only by the size of solar cell and open or close the aperture, as well as the matrix in our a camera, only the diaphragm. And now a little bit of high-aperture optics, if the clamp, close the aperture, we can always, then open it, the more value the luminosity of the lens, we did not succeed. That is, if we have a lens with aperture 2.8 aperture is close to 22 when we will need a large depth of field, or will be a lot of light, we can, but to open up to 2.8 on the lens which has a value of 4.5 – no! That is obtained by the smaller number of the more aperture, since luminosity is 1/na aperture. Remember this formula, we will not get confused as to open or close the aperture to a darkened room we had was barely visible contours on a black background, and in the solar day of overexposed persons and to reduce the depth of field, make sharp eyes only, and everything else, including debris in the street, gone in a blur.

Matrix of so-called matrix digital camera is a device with a certain amount of light-sensitive elements (Pixels). It provides the color, noise, transmission of detail and depth of field. The higher the resolution matrix of the camera, so consequently, the more he will be able to capture the finer details. The high density pixel digital camera enables the processor to build a more accurate color. The number of megapixels, thus, is responsible for a maximum resolution of photos you can make a camera without losing quality.

For amateur footage is enough for two to five megapixels. Lens When you need to pay particular attention to lens digital camera. This important characteristic, as the parameter increases (zoom), may be a digital or optical. Digital zoom is accomplished by increasing the frame after the shooting and cutting it to size, thereby losing its quality. Same optical zoom (optical zoom) is realized by changing focal length lens. In particular, it is used for larger image when physically impossible to approach the subject.

Direct impact on the cost of digital cameras has namely optical zoom, and digital is in fact a free application, since it does not actually "closer" the subject and does not change the viewing angle. Camera with optical zoom are a variety of focal range of lenses, as well as make possible the installation of replacement optics. Through this you can do as a professional narrow screen and portrait photography and large format. LCD Clear Benefits LCD is that it can immediately view the captured image, as well as shoot from awkward positions.

Frame viewfinder (ikonometr) consists of two frames: short-and large format negatives, and they are separated from one another by a distance equal to focal length lens. Frame viewfinder gives the image in its actual size and is very convenient for viewing. Pass-through optical viewfinder consists of two rectangular lenses: the scattering and collecting (eyepiece), concluded in folding rim of the frame. Mirror optical viewfinder consists of two collecting lenses, one of which is less placed vertically and a second, larger size – horizontally at the top of the viewfinder; between them at an angle of 45 degrees to both lenses reinforced mirror, reflecting upward rays passed through the smaller lens. As a result, great lens forms a mirror-reversed image of your subject. Let's try to guess where the name came slr cameras.

Electronic viewfinder displays the image photographed by the camera lens. Electronic viewfinder – this lcd – the screen size is so important, is not it? rf cameras. Rangefinder – the best way the tangent the camera focus. Ranging called Devices designed to determine the distance from the observer to the observed object. The use of rangefinders in photographic practice borrowed from the artillery units range finders. Operating principle range finder based on the fact that if you look at one and the same object from two different points A and B, separated from one another at a distance, and so that the angle A must was a direct, depending on the distance from point A to observed object, the angle B will change.

Some models from Nikon Olympus and Pentax can take pictures from a distance of 2 cm minimum shooting distance of the vast number of models in the macro mode is 5 to 20 cm It can be noted that for cameras amateur class minimum focusing distance is mostly within 10-20 cm, for vehicles of the middle class – 5-10 cm, while the semi-cells, this value is often less than 5 cm Technically macro with a digital camera quite simple: pressing a button (the icon resembling a tulip silhouette image) takes the camera in macro mode. This allows you to take pictures at close range without any adjustment optical system, camera and without using additional devices. To zoom in, shooting in some models of cameras still required the use of additional optical heads, screw-on rim of the lens. The size of the CCD camera of the middle class with an integrated lens is usually 1 / 1, 8 or 2 / 3 inches. Realistically, this means that a 'full-length' can capture small insects (Bees, beetles, bumblebees), as well as smaller items such as jewelry, coins, badges, etc., in smaller sizes to photograph the flowers, the details of everyday items or parts of the face.

Maximum scale images for digital cameras is not more than 1:2,5-1:3. For the form factor the CCD 1 / 1, 8 inches (common size for the cameras of the middle class) the size of the matrix on the long side is equal to about 7,2 mm. Consequently, when print size 15×20 magnification factor is approximately equal to about 28 times, and the image scale is about 11:1-9:1. In other words, the increase is achievable subject to 10 times on the print at a moderate its format. Should mention about one particular macro digital camera – a great depth of field. Close-up images of traditional analog camera depth of field is usually small. This is due to large size focal length lens. And what is more (which is preferably close-up photography), the less depth of field, more precisely, the depth of field.

It is known that there is an inverse quadratic dependence of depth of field on the focal length and a linear dependence on the distance to the subject. Thus, at equal magnification large depth of field is provided short-focus lenses. Focal length lens digital camera several times smaller than the film. Therefore, the depth of field at equal magnification greater than a few times. (For convenience, the real value of the focal length of lens digital cameras are often reduced to the equivalent focal length lens uzkoplenochnoy camera). (C) Boris Semenov

Electronic stabilization is possible only with photo and video cameras that have image sensor. When shifting the picture (video) camera electronic field shifts the reading from the sensor. In this mode, you can use only part of the usable area of the sensor. Anti Shake – patented by Konica Minolta stabilization system, in which the movable light-sensitive sensor tracks the movement of the image projected by the matrix. In all systems, motion (Shaking movements) recorded a special sensor. Latent image – it's invisible image formed in the emulsion layer by light. Light causes changes in the chemical composition of the crystals silver salts.

These changes are the larger, more intense light flux. After processing in the developer and other solutions, the image becomes visible: negative, positive and negative film in slide or reversal film. Softbox – a design in a box with a translucent side, serving to get even and soft (soft) raasseyannogo lighting. The light source is used the flash, sometimes a small halogen lamp power. Washington – is the degree of density of light and dark image areas. Cool colors on color photos correspond to the blue spectrum, and warm colors – red and brown tones. Viewfinder Type (optical, electronic, mirror) optical viewfinder is an optical lens system in the camera, through which the pointing device on the subject and define the boundaries of the image for future photos. Optical viewfinder has some drawbacks: due to different optical axis of the viewfinder and the lens axis photographer sees through the eyepiece is not quite what you get on film.

Their age is determined by the general stratigraphic position and paleomagnetic data in 800 thousand years. The youngest, found in the 4 th ground, according to the stratigraphy are age 70 thousand years. The largest number of finds is met in the 6th (200 million years old) and 5 soils (130 million years old). In 2007 we ended the field season. Then in our group were two Leningrad – a renowned expert on Paleolithic Caucasus and the Middle East II Cases and more young but seasoned archaeologist P. Pavlov. Last and was destined to make a truly outstanding discovery in the Central Asian archeology.

This is no accident. P. Pavlov had exceptionally keen eyesight and was able to focus their attention during the search for products of the Stone Age. I intend to explore in located on the other side of the gorge from the parking Kuldara. Gorge cut into the loess stratum powerful, attracted autopsy paleosols-mi. They are at the first visit was to count to nine.

But the main thing was different. At the exit of the gorge Valley Ob-. Mazar eponymous creek cut its bottom. Stream formed waterfalls. It managed to count about 30 paleosols. To pass this part of intelligence was asked Petya Pavlova. Two small fragments were they learned at the beginning of waterfalls Kuldary. They are for processed stone and would not accept, if not experience. Thought – out on 11 and 12 soil, although top-down count, at least from the bottom up. However, at this site in the gorge got away quite a few landslides.

Go to the suborder of snakes include perhaps the most peculiar of creatures: their unusual appearance, the original mode of transportation, excellent behavior, poisonous species. These reptiles are probably the ones of the most ancient and amazing creatures. Their wit and cunning attributed due to evil spirits, for which he destroyed as soon as possible, and not only dangerous, but harmless snakes inform econews.uz. A total of 3,000 species are known today snakes, which belong to 16 families and more than 450 genera. Why can not kill a cobra its … Animals neurotoxin – the most lethal weapons of nature.

Almost all animals, other than to the Cobras, after being bitten by a cobra die for minutes after the poison got into the bloodstream. Neurotoxins are attached to the muscle receptors, as preventing nerve signals cause muscle contraction – that leads to respiratory failure and death. But blood vipers contains molecules that neutralize the deadly venom components of their own. This is the only difference introduced in the receptor Cobra bulky sugar molecule. Sugar masks the mounting position on the surface receptor – preventing bind the neurotoxin. If, however, remove the sugar, the cobra will become sensitive to its own venom, like other animals.

Hunt for the thermal radiation of some species of snakes, including rattlesnakes (Crotalus) and yamkogolovye, find prey in the infrared radiation of her body. Under the eyes they have sensitive cells, determining the slightest change in temperature up to a degree, and thus guiding the kite on location of the victim. This highly sensitive device allows the snake to find food in total darkness. Some boas also have sensory organs (on the lips along the mouth opening) that can fix changes in temperature, but they are less sensitive than that of rattlesnakes and snake yamkogolovyh Poor eyesight The majority of snake eyes is rather weak, which can usually detect only moving objects in the vicinity.

It all started when I was in second or third grade. Before going to bed every night, my parents and I would say overall, usually one or two chapters of a book I still could not manage on my own (the Chronicles of Narnia stand out most in my memory.) Maybe I knew I had to be near sighted since both parents were of me, or perhaps had seen someone that I admired on TV who wore glasses, but whatever the inspiration, I had the sudden desire glasses. One night after squinting and pulling the book closer to my face, trying to show my parents that my eyesight was failing and needed glasses. There must have been very convincing because nothing happened, and after two weeks of trying, I left the spot. My first pair of glasses Several years later, my vision actually start to decline, but was now much less interested in lenses that had been previously. Instead of demonstrating the need for my eyes checked, I did everything I could to hide the fact. I managed to hide for so long, in fact, that when I finally got new glasses for the first time, I was stunned. I had never seen (or own) detail or definition.

There were individual leaves on the tree outside the door and the signal on the other side of the street, had actually written words on it. I did not know that the vision of one person could be so good. It was not long, however, before I realized how much my glasses nerd made me see that I was.

Many cancer research programs believe that the utilization of nanotechnology will alter the entire process of cancer diagnosis, prevention, and even treatment.

New nano-devices are currently being developed with hopes of providing an efficient means of detecting and identifying cancer at its earliest stages, locating it directly within the body, and delivering medications to specific malignant cells. The technology will also be able to monitor the process, and record information regarding the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs.

As they are developed, these nanodevices are tested in clinical trials. Researchers hope that the technology will transform this entire field of medicine, as well serve as multi-purpose tools for both diagnosis and therapy.